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- ls.doc Page 1
-
-
- (c)Copyright 1985 by Craig Anderson. All rights reserved.
-
- Individuals, clubs, and other non-profit organizations are granted
- permission by the author to freely copy the ls program and documentation,
- as long as no price or other consideration is changed, and the program
- or documentation are not modified in any way and are distributed together.
-
- You are encouraged to copy and share this program with others, if you
- find this program useful, please send a few dollars to:
-
- Craig Anderson
- 2845 Alpine Street SE
- Auburn, WA 98002
-
- Contributions of $10 or more will recieve a copy of the ls source code.
- Comments and suggestions are always welcome!
-
-
- Description:
-
- This is an improved directory listing program. It is meant to be used
- with hard disks (or floppy disk systems only if ls is on a ram disk).
- It provides directory listings in various formats, with many options
- for sorting and selection.
-
- The default sorting is alphabetical so you can find the file your looking
- for without searching an almost unordered list. The -z option provides
- useful file searches across directories.
-
- It was originally more Unix like, but has undergone a metamorphosis to
- make it more useful in the DOS environment. Multiple names may appear
- on the command line to list more than one file or group of files.
- The metacharacters * and ? are supported as usual.
-
-
- Usage:
-
- ls [names] [options]
-
-
- Names:
-
- [drive:][path][filename]
-
- Optional drive followed by a ':', defaults to current drive.
-
- Optional path, defaults to current directory.
- To list files for a directory, the path must be followed
- by a '\'. This program differs from the DOS dir command in
- that the following '\' must be used.
-
- Optional filename, defaults to showing all files (except
- hidden and system files) in the directory.
-
- More than one name may be used (e.g. "ls a*.com b*.com" will list
- all .com files starting with 'a' or 'b'.)
- ls.doc Page 2
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-
- Options:
-
- Options can appear before or after the [names] and are preceded by a
- '-' or a '/'. As many options as wanted can follow a single '-' or
- '/' without spaces. (e.g. "ls -laf" is the same as "ls -l -a -f".)
- Options may be upper or lower case letters as follows:
-
- -a Show all files.
- Hidden and system files are also listed.
-
- -b Directories are not appended with a '\'.
-
- -c Show copyright notice.
-
- -d Show only directories.
- Files (which are not directories) are not listed.
-
- -e Sort files by extension.
- Files are sorted alphabetically by extension then by name.
- Directories are listed first.
-
- -f Show only files.
- Directories are not listed.
-
- -g Puts directories first.
- Directories are listed before any files. Both directories
- and files are listed by the sorting type chosen.
-
- -h Help.
- Prints a list of options followed by a short description.
- This is also printed when an unknown option is used.
-
- -l Long listing
- Lists files attributes, file size (in bytes), creation
- date and time, and filename. The total number of files
- listed and the total size are also shown.
- The file attributes are shown in the following form:
- dshrwa
- If the attribute is not on then a '-' is shown instead.
- where:
- d shows the file is a directory.
- s the file is a system file (excluded from normal
- directory searches, use -a option)
- h the file is a hidden file (also excluded from normal
- directory searches, use -a option).
- r The file is readable (always on).
- w the file is writeable (if this is a '-' then the
- file is read only).
- a The file has not been modified since the last
- backup.
- normal files show ( ---rw- ), hopefully ( ---rwa) if backups
- have been done.
-
- -m Stream output.
- Filenames are separated only by commas.
- ls.doc Page 3
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-
- -n Natural sort (unsorted).
- The files are listed in the order they appear in the
- DOS directory.
-
- -p Shows only programs.
- Only files ending in '.exe' or '.com' are listed.
- This is especially usefull in finding the executable
- program in the midst of many data files.
-
- -q Shows only programs and batch files.
- Only files ending in '.exe', '.com', or '.bat' are
- listed.
-
- -r Reverse listing.
- Reverses the order of any of the sorting criteria chosen.
-
- -s Sort by size.
- Files are listed in order of increasing size.
-
- -t Sort files by time.
- Files are listed in the order of increasing age. (Most
- recent files shown first.)
-
- -u Listing in uppercase.
- Listing is shown in uppercase letters instead of the
- default lowercase.
-
- -w# Sets the number of columns.
- Lists files in # columns where # is 1 - 5 (default 4).
-
- -z Recursive directory listing.
- Lists all files matching [names] in the current directory
- or any subdirectory below the current directory.
- The path is printed for each directory in which one or
- more files are listed, followed by the files.
- Thus to print all batch and 'com' files on the disk type:
- "cd \" (move to topmost directory)
- "ls -z *.bat *.com" (lists all batch and 'com' files)
- This option is also valuable when trying to find a file.
- "cd \"
- "ls -fz <filename>"
- will show the directory of the file(s) in filename. The
- -f option lists only files so subdirectories matching the
- filename patter will not be shown.
-
-
- Environment Variables:
-
- The environment variable LSOPTIONS can be used to set options
- for the ls command.
- This is useful to always turn the uppercase (-u) option on, to
- set the number of columns (-w#), or to always show directories
- first (-g), etc.
- ls.doc Page 4
-
- usage:
-
- set LSOPTIONS=options
-
- Where options are any of options above and must be preceded by a
- '-' or a '/'.
-
- Placed in the autoexec.bat file on the boot disk the following
- line sets the defaults to 5 columns are always lists directories
- first:
-
- set LSOPTIONS = -w5g
-
- Options on the command line may overide these options (e.g.
- "ls -w4" will list files in 4 columns instead on the LSOPTIONS
- set default of 5.)
-
- Note:
- Some options cannot be overidden on the command line (-u, -g,
- and -q for example.)
-